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Granular material exhibits rich dynamical behaviors under impacting, and its impacting dynamical process is seriously influenced by many factors. The purpose of this paper is to explore the dynamical response of granular bed obliquely impacted by a rotational projectile, and the effect of density ratio and diameter ratio on its penetration depth is mainly considered.

In most experiments, as the angular velocity and the impact velocity always produce a coupling effect on the whole impact process, then it is quite difficult to separately distinguish the influence of angular velocity. Therefore, the discrete element method is used here to achieve this purpose. The authors vary one parameter and keep other parameter unchanged, and then discuss the effect of these parameters on penetration depth statistically.

The numerical model in this paper can effectively predict the dynamical process of granular medium under impacting. The projectile’s penetration depth exhibits a similar scaling with its angular velocity under different density ratios and diameter ratios, and the angular velocity exhibits an obvious criticality.

A DEM code and corresponding statistical approach are used to explore the complex dynamical process of a granular material obliquely impacted by a rotation projectile.

This study aims to empirically testify an integrated model, including the attributes of smart tourism technologies (STTs) (user interface [UI] design, informativeness, accessibility, personalization and interactivity), satisfaction, loyalty and word of mouth (WOM), and further investigate the potential moderating effect of switching costs (SCs) on the satisfaction–loyalty/WOM relationships.

Systematic sampling was used to collect data in Macau. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was employed to analyze valid data collected from 332 tourists who have recently used STTs.

The results indicate that informativeness has a stronger effect on satisfaction, loyalty and WOM than UI design, accessibility and personalization; interactivity shows no significant influence on satisfaction, loyalty and WOM; satisfaction positively influences loyalty and WOM. Furthermore, procedural SCs negatively moderate the effects of satisfaction on loyalty and WOM.

The present study extends the knowledge about information technology and tourism (ITT) by introducing a new attribute, UI design into STT structure and confirming that UI design is an effective predictor of user satisfaction. This paper is also a pioneer study that integrates customer satisfaction with STTs with SCs to explore the mechanism of how customer loyalty and WOM are generated. Practical recommendations are provided for STT designers and destination managers to improve the overall quality of STTs and to consider carefully setting procedural SCs as a retention strategy.